Available online: (accessed on 20 August 2022). International Organization for Standardization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2015. Part 1, Heat Release Rate (Cone Calorimeter Method) and Smoke Production Rate (Dynamic Measurement). Heat Release, Smoke Production and Mass Loss Rate. Potential use of waste paper for the synthesis of cyanoethyl cellulose: A cleaner production approach towards sustainable environment management. Preparation and sound insulation performance of polystyrene building flame retardant and thermal insulation building materials. Scalable manufacturing green core–shell structure flame retardant, with enhanced mechanical and flame-retardant performances of polylactic acid. Influence of the process of synthesis of zeolites from volcanic ash in its synergistic action as a flame-retardant for polypropylene composites. Screening for halogenated flame retardants in European consumer products, building materials and wastes. Combustion and thermal properties of paper honeycomb Treatment of phosphorus-based flame retardant agents. Polyurethane/clay nanocomposites foams: Processing, structure and properties. Study on microstructure and physical properties of PUF by the impeller type of agitator. A research of risk assessment for urethane fire based on fire toxicity. Experimental study of time-averaged upward fire propagation speed of expanded polystyrene external thermal insulation composite systems masonery façade. Ignition: A century of research and an assessment of our current status. Available online: (accessed on 30 June 2022). Reporter’s Guide: The Consequences of Fire. Master’s Thesis, Gachon University, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea, 2010. A Study on the Fire Safety Performance of Interior Surface Materials in a Skyscraper Building. Republic of Korea National Fire Agency Fire Statistical Yearbook Republic of Korea National Fire Agency: Sejong, Republic of Korea, 2020 pp.Available online: (accessed on 1 July 2022). CTIF Fire Statistics Report No 26 the World Fire Statistics for 2019. Fire hazard in buildings: Review, assessment and strategies for improving fire safety: Review. In Proceedings of the 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, Chengdu, China, 18–20 June 2010 IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2010 Volume 2010, pp. The phased evaluation and information visualization of city building fire hazards. Homepage Reserch Topic: World Fire Statistics Bulletin No. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Figure 1 represents the flow chart of this study. The fire hazard assessment was analyzed by measuring the values of FED, Temperature, Visibility, O 2, CO, and CO 2. In addition, the values of the physical properties obtained from the experiment results were applied to the FDS, which is a fire simulation, and a quantitative evaluation of the effect of materials manufactured on indoor persons during combustion was conducted through a fire hazard assessment. The variable for flame-retardant performance is the particle size of expanded graphite, and the verification procedure was conducted in an experiment using the ISO 5660-1 cone calorimeter. The building finishing material was produced by mixing expanded graphite and magnesium hydroxide with cellulose extracted from waste-corrugated cardboard, and the material’s fire characteristics were verified. This study reviews the use of wastepaper as a building finishing material with flame-retardant properties, incorporating a recycling method for wastepaper. The recycling ratio of paper waste generated worldwide is only up to 65%, and efforts are being made to improve recycling rates. This confirms its effectiveness in providing safe egress time for residents. Results show that the cellulose-based building finishing material meets the life safety standard of NFSC 203 during the simulation time and has a FED value that does not exceed 0.001 at maximum. The measured physical properties value was used as the FDS parameter to evaluate the risk of fire. The flame-retardant performance of the finishing material was evaluated by measuring the total heat emission rate using the ISO 5660-1 cone calorimeter, with the particle size of the expanded graphite as a variable. Wastepaper was recycled to extract cellulose, and a finishing material was manufactured by mixing in expandable graphite and magnesium hydroxide. To prevent this, cellulose, an eco-friendly material that minimizes the generation of harmful substances, was chosen as the main material for building finishing materials. The burning of building finishing materials containing chemical substances can lead to the spread of fire with a large number of harmful substances.
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